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Migratory orientation was recorded with two different techniques, cage tests and free-flight release tests, during autumn migration.
Owing to these effects, IL-8 produced at malignant lesions profoundly impairs the migratory orientation of DC.
For all birds, both experimentally and naturally displaced, we tested the migratory orientation when the birds departed from the Faroe Islands 11 September to 14 October.
We found that under dim light in our cylindrical monitoring apparatus (Supporting Fig. S1A), migratory songbirds performed migratory restlessness behavior consisting mainly of rapid wing whirring while perched, but also head scans and some hops, in a preferred direction corresponding to the migratory orientation of their free-flying conspecifics [26], [37].
All species showed orientation both under clear and overcast skies that correlated with the expected migratory orientation towards southwest to south.
The migratory orientation of individual birds was recorded in circular cages, so-called Emlen funnels (Emlen and Emlen, 1966) (lined with Tipp-Ex paper or Thermo paper), allowing the birds to see with an approximately 140° field of view onto the sky around zenith.
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Direct current (DC) stimulation can be used to influence the orientation and migratory behavior of cells and results in cellular electrotaxis.
Antennae have also been found to play a role in the time-compensated sun compass orientation in migratory Monarch butterflies.
The hypothesis that the avian magnetic compass is based on a radical pair mechanism is strongly supported by the observation that magnetic compass orientation of migratory birds can indeed be disturbed by weak radiofrequency magnetic fields with frequencies in the MHz range [17], [18].
It should be noted that few if any well-orientated data from night-migratory passerines tested in orientation cages under bright sunlight conditions exist.
Migratory birds even modify the orientation of their heads to track the magnetic field [17].
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