This micro-economy is defined by seasonal migratory labour streams, where individuals straddle different productive activities throughout the year, by moving freely between various geographic locations.
The small, private farm has little place in these systems, having been superseded by mechanization and the use of migratory labour.
Migratory labour patterns saw parents living away from children and children cared for by grandparents or other kin as necessary.
12 provinces N: 200 Selection of provinces with highest concentration of Senegalese population Beauchemin & González-Ferrer (2011), Beauchemin (2012) MESE 2012 Family, labour, legal & migratory trajectories (83 min).
Cities of Barcelona, Madrid, and Murcia Per city: Morocco (300), Ecuador (300), Andeans (300) Spanish born (300) N.A. sampling units were dwellings and adjacent dwellings Random sampling needed to be complemented with spatial and route sampling to achieve target sample size Morales & Ros (2013 MAFEE 2008 Family, labour, legal & migratory trajectories (70 min).
The vastness of the land, the scarcity of labour, and the abundance of migratory opportunities in a land replete with raw physical resources contributed to exceptional human mobility and a quick succession of ephemeral forms of land use and settlement.
The dynamics of these raids were as follows: A large demand for slave labour prompted neighbouring peoples (typically migratory or nomadic in habit) to prey on the sedentary agriculturalists living in the reservoir.
Contributions from non-spouse caregivers to support the migratory process is often unrecognized by the stakeholders involved in the labour migration process and in the border discourse on migration for development.
After this, victims are often subjected to physical and sexual abuse, and many are forced into labour or the sex trade in order to pay off their migratory debts.
Fur trapping has been the traditional livelihood for the region's Indians, but low monetary returns plus the attraction of better pay from wage labour in the towns have taken many Indians away from their former migratory lives.
This trend accelerated from 1996, when the government announced its intention to use skilled migration to offset population ageing due to below replacement fertility and increased longevity.4 In this context, migratory policy has been one channel through which the government has sought to meet "the skilled labour market needs of the economy" (Spinks, 2010, p. 1).
