However, in the Montagu's harrier, neither the geographical barriers (mountain ranges) nor the intercontinental migratory divide (populations wintering in Africa or in the Indian sub-continent) represented significant barriers against gene flow.
For this, we compared Spanish, Western-central European, Eastern European, and Asian populations; (3) differentiation in relation to the intercontinental migratory divide (i.e. differences between populations wintering in Africa vs. those wintering in the Indian subcontinent).
This suggested some structuring in relation to the migratory divide, although the higher and significant value of ΦST indicated larger heterogeneity among populations within groups than in scenario 1.
Based on ring recovery data, Reichlin et al. [15] proposed a migratory divide for European hoopoes running through central Europe in close proximity to our study site.
In contrast, the structure scenarios based on geographic barriers (scenario 2) or based on an intercontinental migratory divide (scenario 3) revealed no significant among-group differences (Table 2).
Migratory status: Divided between natives (reference category) and immigrants (comprising students born in other countries or both parents born in other countries).
Migratory status: divided between natives (reference category), Western immigrants (comprising western Europe, Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand) and non-Western immigrants (comprising persons born in other countries).
These CD103+ DCs have been held to be the prototypic migratory cDCs in the LP and can be divided into two main populations, CD103+CD11b+ and CD103+CD11b− cDCs (Fig. 1).
It is mainly non-migratory in Europe, but migratory in Scandinavia and Asia.
