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Lead author of the paper, "Linking the continental migratory cycle of the monarch butterfly to understand its population decline," was Hidetoshi Inamine, a graduate student in the field of the ecology and evolutionary biology.
"We have gained completely new knowledge which will be invaluable in understanding the migratory cycle and planning ways to help the declining populations of these amazing birds," said the BTO's Dr Chris Hewson.
Biologists also worry that changes in the climate could affect the red knot's Arctic breeding grounds and also result in "asynchronies" or mismatches in the timing of the bird's migratory cycle and the availability of food along its round-trip of more than 18,000 miles.
The migratory cycle is the rhythm of nature.
Up to present, the difficulties in tracking small animals, particularly birds, throughout an entire migratory cycle have impeded our understanding of migratory connectivity [1].
Using the methodology described above we test two distinct hypotheses regarding leatherback turtle navigation ability during the southward phase of their migratory cycle.
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The industrial development also interferes with the herders' quality of life by not only impacting their migratory cycles, but also the resources available to them in the landscape.
The uncertainties are considerably greater for organisms such as salmon that have complex, migratory life cycles.
Thus, the high proportion of fish with reduced canals in our non-migratory populations is most likely an adaptation to a low-noise environment, and has likely been paralleled by the transition to a non-migratory life cycle.
The uncertainties in predicting evolutionary responses to cumulative stressors are considerably greater for organisms such as salmon that have complex, migratory life cycles (Crozier et al. 2008), as responses at one stage of development may impact subsequent states, and resistance may not impact all life-history stages equally.
Uncertain fate in the face of climate change is considerably greater for organisms such as Chinook salmon that have complex migratory life cycles where selection pressures might differ greatly between marine and freshwater life stages (Crozier et al. 2008; Schindler et al. 2008).
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