The utility of our EST resource for evaluating genes involved in the non-migratory aspects of monarch butterfly biology was apparent with the identification of ESTs encoding a new allele of a P type Na+/K+ ATPase (Fig. 3).
Thus, both anti-apoptotic and anti-migratory aspects are to be considered for MKP-1 as a potential target in glioma therapy (Fig. 2).
It is important to note, however, that some of the differences in gene expression could reflect non-migratory aspects of monarch biology that were hard to control in our studies, including the age of the butterflies and the mixed genetic background inherent in collecting wild animals.
The incidence of hybrids was large enough to enable comparisons of selected aspects of migratory behavior.
Thus, the 2 subadult tick stages represent different aspects of migratory birds' involvement in the maintenance of Borrelia.
Because several aspects of migratory behavior are a consequence of continued JH deficiency, for example, reproductive quiescence and increased longevity [ 2, 3], we examined whether the oriented flight behavior characteristic of fall migrants also depends on persistent JH insufficiency.
Several aspects of migratory behavior including onset, duration, intensity, and orientation are known to be heritable and to respond quickly to artificial and natural selection – indicating a degree of genetic control.
Genetic mechanisms underpinning various aspects of migratory behavior have been discovered in animals that traverse great distances and display precise homing ability (e.g., timing, sun compass orientation, and propensity to migrate; Zhu et al. 2009; Hecht et al. 2013; O'Malley et al. 2013).
However, the difference between wild-type and comp-1 mutant sperm migration patterns could be due to aspects of other migratory behaviors, such as the amount of time individual sperm spend actively migrating through the reproductive tract.
Strong hard-wired components in behavior may govern important aspects of long-distance migratory movement, with local cues driving movement within the plains and woodlands, for example [14].
The formation of distinct poles of contraction and expansion reflects that the cells are able to push themselves forward, again indicating that cellular adhesion is not the only aspect relevant for the migratory process itself.
