On the basis of Canadian census data on out-of-country and out-of-province migrations, we estimated that fewer than 5% of these patients would have migrated in or out of Quebec during the study period (details available from Statistics Canada).
In order to check whether the bias in first-birth rates of older childless women arises from selective mortality or from selective migration, we re-estimate our "retrospective" models leaving out only one group of absent (deceased or emigrant) individuals at a time while keeping the information on the others in our data (not shown here).
To test the validity of using SWB to explain international migration, another human behavior, we estimate the effects of SWB on international migration desires.
In order to check whether there is attrition due to return migration for the new populations, we estimate the return migration probability for the population of 1995, 2000 and 2006 as well.
Next, using analyses based on Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) [ 41] and an Isolation-with-migration model [ 42] we estimate divergence time between anadromous trout from the lower Gudenå River and the two lake populations.
Conversely, if the allele frequency always increases when neighboring demes have higher frequency, we estimate the migration rate to be large.
Since our model likely underestimated recent western migrations (see results), we estimated annual maxima of western migrations as the 90% quantile of posterior distributions.
To discriminate between the effects of incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow in setting this pattern, we estimated migration rates among species using both F ST -based estimators of gene flow, which assume migration-drift equilibrium, and a coalescent approach based on a model of divergence with gene flow.
Finally, we estimated migration since lineages A, B and C split using the isolation with migration model implemented in the program IMa2 [ 64].
Finally, given the atypical population dynamic in Hokkaido, a frontier region in the early 20th century to which a large and prolonged wave of migration was in progress, we estimated models without data for Hokkaido.
