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For this analysis, we calculated absolute pairwise distances (calculated in days) between each individual's migration termination or initiation dates leaving us with four matrices representing differences in migration timing for spring and fall.
Receptors for gonadotropin have been shown to be associated with return migration timing for spawning in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta; Onuma et al. 2010), a trait that could be under selection in all migratory salmonids.
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With this selection differential, the observed shift in migration timing of 8.6 days (Fig. 3) could be accomplished with a migration-timing heritability of only 0.24.
This skew toward wild migration timing of putative hybrids may have several causes.
Using an extensive data set compiled from free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), we combined genetic and ecological data to (i) examine correlations between genetic differentiation and migration timing, (ii) screen for mitochondrial haplotypes associated with migration timing, and (iii) test whether nuclear heterozygosity was associated with condition.
Not surprisingly, our individual-based approach revealed significant individual variability in migration timing, and residency time.
The three diagnostic clock markers identified here are components of an extensive molecular mechanism which thereby provides an opportunity to identify additional candidate genes for migration timing.
The model results indicated that plasticity for migration timing in this sockeye population is largely a function of river flow and that the intercept for the norm of reaction has shifted by 3 6 days over 60 years (15 generations).
This value is certainly plausible (cf. 1.06, Quinn et al. 2000), indicating that evolutionary change could easily account for the observed trend in migration timing.
Their proposed classification does not consider different aspects of VM migration, timing metrics, migration pattern, and granularity of VM migration for highlighting the application performance and resource consumption trade-off.
The primary objective of this study was to test for SNPs associated with migration distance, migration timing, and morphology using individual-based data gathered from Pacific lamprey captured at Bonneville Dam.
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