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Therefore, delayed rejection of skin grafts by L-selectin mice reflects impaired migration of effector cells into the graft rather than delayed or impaired generation of a CTL response.
It also plays an important role in migration of effector T cells to the sites of infection and inflammation by assisting transmigration of those T cells across the vasculature.
As a whole, our data suggest that the activation, proliferation and migration of effector T cells to the target tissue constitute the primary costimulatory effect of GITR triggering in vivo, overcoming the potential impact of anti-GITR on Tregs.
To assess more directly whether blockade of the GITR/GITRL pathway directly interfered with the activation and/or migration of effector T cell reactivity, we took advantage of the experimental design described above using CFSE-labeled CD4+BDC2.5 T cells.
This novel function of CD152 could explain the retention and directed migration of effector cells to secondary lymphoid organs and sites of antigenic-challenge and might be important for T cell homeostasis as well as Th1-dominated diseases.
As a whole, these results suggest that disease protection obtained following blockade of the GITR/GITRL pathway may rely on two distinct but not mutually exclusive mechanisms that are first, a limitation of the activation and migration of effector cells to the target tissue and, second, the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance via CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated regulation.
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The data presented above indirectly suggest a critical role for the GITR/GITRL interaction in the migration of pathogenic effector T cells to the target tissue.
However, no data is available to clarify if application of such agents might not only inhibit migration of autoreactive effector T cells, but might also interfere with Treg migration into MS brain lesions [28].
Interestingly, the relative decrease of functional alpha-4 integrin was less pronounced in Tregs in comparison to Foxp3 negative T cells suggesting that Natalizumab may preferentially block the migration of T effector cells and thus favour the extravasation of Tregs.
Although the primary function of chemokines is to promote migration of immune effector cells to sites of inflammation [47], [48], certain chemokines may also influence the maturation and function of the innate immune response [49].
VLA-4 has been identified as a crucial molecule in T cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier and VLA-4 blockade by Natalizumab efficiently inhibits migration of T effector cells into the CNS [15].
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