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In addition they upregulate adhesion molecule expression which will assist in transendothelial migration of autoreactive immune cells through the blood brain barrier (BBB) [22].
It has been proposed that in a model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) Treg are unable to reach the central nervous system (CNS), but prevent migration of autoreactive Teff into the target organ [3].
However, no data is available to clarify if application of such agents might not only inhibit migration of autoreactive effector T cells, but might also interfere with Treg migration into MS brain lesions [28].
Cytokine-mediated activation of the endothelium facilitates migration of autoreactive leucocytes into peripheral nerves in EAN (Stoll et al., 1993).
A compromised BBB and facilitated migration of autoreactive immune effector cells are essential for development of MS. Both BBB integrity and leukocyte trafficking are regulated by cytokines.
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Consistent with this result, elevated CXCL12 as discovered in this study points to pathogenesis in the recruitment of B lymphocytes, as previous reports suggest CXCL12 to be a critical chemoattractant in trafficking and migration of mature autoreactive B cells [45].
Ccr6 has previously been demonstrated to play an important role in the mechanism of autoreactive lymphocyte priming and migration to the efferent lymphatics (63), implicated in the migration of lymphocytes to the CNS (64) and has been associated with Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis (47, 65).
Active EBV infection appears to cause expansion and differentiation of autoreactive B cells in SS.
Breakdown of tolerance leads to autoimmunity due to emergence of autoreactive T or B cell clones.
Immune tolerance towards self-antigens is initiated in the thymus and involves clonal deletion of autoreactive T lymphocytes.
Initially, defects in IL-2 dependent activation induced cell-death (AICD) of autoreactive T cells were suspected.
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