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In summary, we determined that the mechanical microenvironment that MSCs are exposed to upon migration into bone may initiate multiple intracellular signaling pathways required for osteogenic lineage commitment.
These findings complement an earlier study from Josef Penninger's group where RANKL enhanced breast cancer cell migration into bone and spurred the development of bone metastases [ 10].
These data support earlier results, where RANKL was shown to play a role in breast cancer cell migration into bone [ 21] and underscore the potential use of RANKL inhibition in the prevention of breast cancer development.
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Recent studies have suggested that cells within fracture sites have the potential to induce mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration to sites of wound healing indicating that progenitor cells may migrate into bone and initiate osteogenic lineage commitment based on the microenvironmental cues within the bone tissue, itself [12].
It has been established that bone metastatic cells can express chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) that provokes actin polymerization and pseudopodia formation resulting in migration upon exposure to bone endothelial cell secretions; thus, CXCR-4 enables circulating cancer cells to migrate into bone tissue to form the pre-metastatic niche [ 56].
Expression of CXCR4 is important for plasma cell migration into the bone marrow.
Utilization of uGFP transgenic mice as bone marrow donors allowed for tracking the labeled bone marrow migration into the recipient's pancreatic islets after transplantation (bone marrow 25×106 cells) after 500 cGy (TBI).
More GFP positive cells were found in the outer perimeter of the islets than within the islet, it was 8.5∶1 or about 12% of total population, suggesting that bone marrow migration into islets is a critical step for bone marrow to contribute to islet β cell function and regeneration.
Recent data now indicate that migration of breast cancer cells into bone and their subsequent growth into metastases depends upon the interaction of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) with its receptor RANK.
But in addition, changes in design of the stem and improved HA crystallinity could have played a role in enhanced osseointegration, which would prevent debris migration into the femoral implant-bone interface [ 59].
We hypothesize that specific bone marrow lineages and cytokine treatment may facilitate bone marrow migration into islets, leading to a conversion into insulin producing cells in vivo.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com