Calculations also indicate that Si Sc binding decreases both the vacancy formation energy near Sc and the Sc migration energy in Al.
It was shown to be down-regulated during the onset of PGC migration in zebrafish (Blaser et al., 2005; Kardash et al., 2010; Goudarzi et al., 2012) and also to be involved in PGC development in mouse and Drosophila (De Felici et al., 2005; Kunwar et al., 2008; Richardson and Lehmann, 2010).
Integrins are clearly important for haemocyte migration in vivo (Siekhaus et al., 2010; Huelsmann et al., 2006; Urbano et al., 2009), but the nature of adhesions made by these cells has yet to be addressed and Ena-positive, focal-adhesion-like structures do not seem to be present.
Moreover, recent studies describe that non-specific blebs coupled to a discontinuous environment are sufficient to provide propelling forces for migration in 3D (Bergert et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2015; Tozluoğlu et al., 2013), and we observe multiple blebs providing points of contact between the migrating SCs and ECs.
This can be attributed to (i) the relatively lower stopping power for channeling implanted ions and (ii) migration of Pb atoms in Al caused by the ion irradiation related heating effects [21].
Recent studies indicate that MIF/CD74 activation of AMPK pathway inhibits TGF- β-induced EMT (Cufi et al, 2010; Heinrichs et al, 2011; Lee et al, 2013), and suppresses cell proliferation and migration in tumour cells (Kim et al, 2012; Lee et al, 2012a).
The functional consequences of this altered C terminus are that VEGF165b homodimers compete with VEGF165 homodimers for binding to their principal receptor, VEGFR-2, at a one-to-one ratio and inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and migration in culture (Woolard et al, 2004; Cebe Suarez et al, 2006).
In cancer cells, NHE1 has been appointed an important role in matrix digestion through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), creating an alkaline intracellular and acidic extracellular microenvironment in the front of migrating cells to stimulate directional migration in cancer cells (Stock et al, 2007, 2008; Schneider et al, 2009; Martin et al, 2011).
Rnd proteins have been implicated in cell migration, for example Rnd2 and Rnd3 contribute to cortical neuron migration in vivo (Heng et al., 2008; Pacary et al., 2011).
For example, mutation of Y297 or D320 in the b1 domain impairs VEGF165 binding and complex formation between NRP1 and VEGFR2, which reduces VEGF165-stimulated EC migration in vitro (Jarvis et al., 2010; Herzog et al., 2011).
