The use of muscle explants in combination with defined matrix environments further demonstrated that distinct ECM components can differentially direct all of the cellular behaviors necessary for limb regeneration, including proliferation, migration, myofiber fragmentation and myoblast fusion.
We employ the idea of using migration to minimize fragmentation and the overall processing time of the tasks.
In addition, substrates with a softer and tenascin-C-coated environment increase the migration and fragmentation of the primary newt muscle cells; however, environments with a stiffer and laminin- and fibronectin-coated environment enhance cell differentiation [ 23].
The performed study has revealed that invasion with cercariae of trematodes Heterophyes lead to the statistically significant increase of DNA fragmentation and migration in the molluscan tissues as compared with control.
Departing from this region, a chain of group fragmentation and migration events would have lead to their spread throughout Europe, in such a large-scale and fast movement that only one century elapsed until their presence was documented even in the most peripheral regions of Europe, from the North-east to the South-west corners of the continent.
Within Chlorophyta, the cox2 gene shows varying degrees of fragmentation and migration.
Taking into account the phylogeny of S. mediterranea, could the fragmentation and migration of microplates be the sole reason for its current distribution?
The present distribution of S. mediterranea is best explained, as suggested long ago, by a vicariant process of microplate fragmentation and migration of the CSb during the Oligocene and Miocene periods.
Its present distribution has been proposed to stem from the fragmentation and migration of the Corsica-Sardinia microplate during the formation of the western Mediterranean basin, which implies an ancient origin for the species.
Although a clear link between CSb fragmentation and migration and the successive speciation events has been demonstrated for other groups of animals [ 19- 21], the case of S. mediterranea is unique because a correlation between geological events and its distribution has not been linked to any speciation event, which implies a more ancient origin for S. mediterranea.
