However, there is no evidence so far in the 2010 and 2011 sequences for significant increases in roughness due to migration divergence or relaxation of vaccination pressure.
This parameter is central to widely-used coalescent phylogeographic analyses (e.g., population size changes [ 28]; migration matrix estimation [ 29]; isolation-with-migration divergence modelling [ 30]), and N e -values derived from Θ underpin simulation-based tests of alternative vicariance scenarios [ 4, 21, 31- 33].
Genetic variability in a given gene is the result of a complex interplay of evolutionary forces such as selection, mutation rate and recombination, and demographic history of the populations including changes in population size, migration and divergence [ 1].
Second, we estimated lineage divergence time, population divergence, and migration rate between major pairwise clades in MDIV [ 80] on CBSU Web Computing Resources.
The range of values used for M and T allowed for simulations with a range of genetic differentiation representing from low-divergence populations of the same species (D ≈ 0) to highly differentiated species (D ≈ 300), and also similar levels of differentiation between divergence and migration models.
We pooled the mtDNA and microsatellite data together for analysis in IMa [ 38], which allowed for the estimation of several population parameters (Table 3), including descendant (N1 and N2) and ancestral (NA) population sizes, time of divergence and migration rates between each of the three populations recovered by the cluster analysis and PCA.
The IM program uses a coalescent model to estimate effective population size, time since divergence, and ongoing migration parameters from multilocus sequence data sampled from two sister species.
Nonetheless, the CI for the two migration parameters overlapped in almost all instances for smaller sample sizes, indicating that the power of the method to confidently infer asymmetric migration was limited, particularly with recent divergence and small samples.
MDIV was utilized to produce effective migration rate and divergence time estimates among neighbouring Breeding Stocks (A, B, C and X).
To determine whether resulting estimates of effective population size, migration rate, and divergence time were significantly different from one another, we used a probability assessment method [40] based on comparisons of randomly drawn values from resulting marginal distributions.
