Return migration would be negatively selected if the coefficient on predicted return migration is negative.
But in 2009 its net migration was negative.
In this case the direct effect of migration is negative but the indirect impact through the transfer of norm is still positive.
Net migration was negative before the crisis in Latvia and Lithuania; it fell further and considerably in the first years of the crisis and rebounded in the latest years.
The pairwise correlation of the length of migration with the year of migration is negative and significant for both return migrants and on-going migrants: earlier migrants are more likely to have a longer migration duration than more recent migrants11.
In about half of these regions, the impact of internal migration was negative, but these net outflows of migrants were compensated by a positive international migration balance.
In states with a long migration tradition, the self-selection patterns are negative except in 1990 for women, as predicted by Bratsberg and Borjas ( 1996), whereas in states with weak migration networks, the self-selection patterns tend to be positive or less negative.
The empirical results reveal that the impact of ppp on optimal migration duration is negative and large; for instance, a 10percentt increase in ppp lowers the migration duration of a 20-year-old arriver by 20percentt.
The senior Labour MP insisted he had meant more generally that "sometimes there are negative sides of migration in terms of the labour market".
Indeed the effect of remittances caused by new migration can be negative.
