In the context of vector-oriented migration, and considering fall ring-recovery, orientation and moon-watching data, migrants were considered to have successfully arrived upon reaching the Iberian coast, between 10°W and 3°E and the Atlantic coast of Portugal south of 39°N (Zink 1970; Hilgerloh 1988 , 1989 Bruderer and Liechti 1999).
We included these variables related to freeze and thaw date because the timing of spring migration depends on the first day of thaw and fall migration depends on the first day of freeze.
Thus, our total sample for microsatellites analyses examining relationships with migration consisted of 104 and 95 deer for spring and fall migration, respectively.
For this analysis, we calculated absolute pairwise distances (calculated in days) between each individual's migration termination or initiation dates leaving us with four matrices representing differences in migration timing for spring and fall.
After GPS radio collars were recovered and data were downloaded, we calculated the initiation and termination dates of spring and fall migration (i.e., the dates at which deer started or finished their migration) in arcmap 10.1 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA, USA).
Our lights-out initiative will encourage building managers to turn off decorative lighting during spring and fall migration.
Outside of spring and fall migration, they generally avoid large parks and less densely populated areas like Staten Island.
PAGE A10 Dim the Lights, Save a Bird At the request of the city and the Audubon Society, some famous skyscrapers have agreed to start turning off nonessential lights after midnight during the peak bird migration time in spring and fall.
Living just a two-hour drive from Cape May, they keep this shore house open all year, spending weekends there even in winter, when there are far fewer birds to see than in summer or the migration seasons of spring and fall.
Large numbers of ospreys use the gorge during spring and fall migration periods.
