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In another type of abnormality, cells begin migrating to the cortex but only make it halfway to their proper location.
Our in vivo analysis shows a significant delay of MGE-derived YFP+ cells migrating to the cortex in the double-mutant when compared with the single Rac1-deficient interneurons (Vidaki et al. 2012).
In both mammals and reptiles, these neurons have a common developmental origin: excitatory neurons are generated by multipotent cortical progenitors, whereas inhibitory neurons are born in the subpallium before migrating to the cortex.
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PAK3 is a gene involved in regulating and maintaining cytoskeletal dynamics, and whose expression is low in migrating interneurons; Dlx1/ 2 mutants show aberrant, increased PAK3 expression, with an inability to migrate to the cortex [ 184].
For example, he said, in one class of malformation, "cells never get out of the driveway," failing to migrate to the cortex.
During meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes, the meiosis I spindle first assembles around the centrally positioned chromosomes and then migrates to the cortex of the oocyte [8], [9].
At the same time, the germ cells migrated to the cortex and expressed PAR6 lowly within the cytoplasm of cysts, whereas the expression in somatic cells around the cysts turned weak (Fig. 1C).
In ZEB2 conditional LOF mutants MGE interneurons fail to migrate to the cortex due to upregulation of the guidance receptor UNC5B [ 28 ].
In patients affected by PNH, clusters of grey matter along the ventricles consisting of neurons fail to migrate to the cortex during prenatal development.
Dysfunction of this gene leads to abnormalities in outflow tract development, often manifesting as a mitral or aortic valve insufficiency and a cerebral migration disorder, characterized by clusters of grey matter along the ventricles consisting of neurons that failed to migrate to the cortex during prenatal development [ 4].
One such transcription factor is the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lh×6. MGE-derived interneurons that are actively migrating to the cerebral cortex express Lhx6 [ 143, 181].
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