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Although breeding populations are limited to the Snares Islands, migrating individuals have traveled as far as Australia and the Falkland Islands.
In metapopulation terminology, migrating individuals are classed as emigrants (when they leave a region) or immigrants (when they enter a region), and sites are classed either as sources or sinks.
Migrating individuals may benefit from increased food availability or by avoiding harsh abiotic or biotic conditions.
This problem is especially prominent in studies of migration time as migrating individuals can quickly cover large geographical areas, which makes it difficult to identify a single meaningful environmental variable.
Theory highlights the distribution of skills and rewards to skills in the receiving and sending countries, as well as migration costs that in turn determine the self-selection behavior of migrating individuals under free migration (Borjas 1987; Grogger and Hanson 2011).
It is unclear whether the observed richness-area effect during migration is a result of migrating individuals being more likely to intercept large patches (a.k.a 'the target effect') [34], or some unmeasured fitness benefit associated with larger habitat patches (e.g. reduced predation risk).
Similar(47)
We also introduce live data center migration, where we go beyond migrating individual VMs to migrate an entire data center as a single unit.
In summary, our results demonstrate that removal of the centrosome results in loss of ability to maintain polarized cell morphology in two widely different cell models, migrating individual U2OS cells and PtK2 cells moving as part of a confluent sheet of cells.
In future intervention studies, seasonally migrating elderly individuals could be universally vaccinated in their state of primary residence before the start of the influenza season to determine if this process could curtail the spread of influenza in their destination state.
In addition, when plants, birds and insects have evolved en suite to sync their hatching, blooming or migrating patterns, individual changes can leave nestlings hatching too late to dine on their favored swarming insects, or flowers blooming ahead of the arrival of the birds they need to pollinate them.
Overall, we find that individuals witha positive aspiration gap have a significantly higher propensity to migrate comparedto individuals without positive aspirations for the near future.
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