Exact(17)
High emigration is also present among under- and unemployed persons who are attracted by prospects of higher income, better living conditions abroad and presence of family and relatives who migrated before and can be of assistance before, during and after migration (e.g. Boyd 1989; Castles et al. 2014; World Bank 2009).
Migrants may typically be poor, often with little in their pockets except the scrawled telephone numbers of relatives who have migrated before them, but they have usually notified friends or relatives in the United States that they are on their way.
Hence, individuals who may have migrated before that period are considered as stayers by design.
Of the migrants we looked at in Western Europe, less than 1% migrated before the fall of the union.
Transport, and other related costs, and all kinds of support provided from others originated from the same village and other Syrians who migrated before the newcomers.
Conversely, it may be that not the male migrant is the remitter, but is in fact another person who migrated before 2000.
Similar(42)
It was virtually impossible for inhabitants of the FSU to migrate before the breakdown of the empire and abolition of migration restrictions which resulted in the arrival of a wave of immigrants from the various former republics in Sweden after 1991.
Though the initial migration was voluntary, it cannot be ruled out that the decision to migrate before the fall of the Soviet Union and not to return after, which 2.1 million Russians did, does signify some level of self-selection.
If one migrates before the five-year span, she will likely migrate also in this interval.
If men tend to migrate before their wives due to job-related incentives, for instance, a small share of females in the diaspora corresponds to a large potential of female partners in the source.
Our most conservative estimates using individual specific variation in economic conditions at the destination indicate that a 10 pp increase in the probability of own future migration improves the probability of completing intermediate secondary schooling by nearly 4 pp for individuals who do not migrate before age 16.
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