Regarding the bird resource (Table 1), the enrichment in δ13C of spring migrants returning from their African winterquarters relative to autumn migrants was consistent with the acknowledged existence of a latitudinal gradient in δ13C [28].
The country of origin of the migrants in the vignettes varied slightly between countries to ensure that the origin of the migrant was consistent with the demographic composition of migrants in the participating country, so that the vignettes presented a realistic scenario to the interviewees in each country.
The physiological divergence we have identified between migrant and non-migrant birds is consistent with observations that several species of migrant shorebirds have higher BMR than expected on the basis of body mass [30] [32].
The high share of young and migrant workers is consistent with the fact that our XMRC data is a sample of job applications, not of employed persons; not only do young workers tend to change jobs more frequently than older workers (Topel and Ward 1992), our data contain a significant share of new labor market entrants.
This finding is in line with previous research on contraceptive use and migration in Kinshasa, which also found that migration status was associated with a decreased likelihood of using modern methods, but not for using any method of contraception (Shapiro and Tambashe 1994), suggesting that a higher likelihood of traditional than modern method use by migrants in Kinshasa is consistent over time.
Compared to urban locals, both rural migrants and urban migrants have lower levels of trust in the local government, which is consistent with the fact that migrants face hukou-based social exclusion in cities. Regarding trust towards the central government, while urban migrants have the lowest level, rural migrants still maintain a strong faith.
This is consistent with other data that suggests migrants are somehow being discouraged from registering with primary-care providers [ 17].
13 This is consistent with Biavaschi ( 2012) who shows that return migrants are positively selected on unobservables from Mexican migrants in the United States.
This timing is consistent with the increased inflow of A8 migrants.
This is consistent with findings of lower patient satisfaction that have been reported in migrant groups in international settings.
