Second, in the studies of migrants in the US or in Western European countries, it is often emphasized that education which migrants receive in their home country is likely to be very different from the educational standards of the host country, making the migrants' skills less transferable and assimilation more difficult.
This can involve preventing destination-country recognition of migrants' skills (Gish and Godfrey, 1979), 'self-sufficiency' policies at destination countries to prevent migrants from working there (e.g. WHO 2011, [Article 5.4]), and treating international recruiters of skilled workers as unethical or even criminal (Mills et al. 2008).
Specific features of the post-Soviet migration wave to Russia help to isolate this effect from the typical confounding factors such as the effect of ethnic networks on the allocation of migrants, poor skill transferability and host country language proficiency of migrants, self-selection into migration and native outmigration from locations receiving immigrants.
We find that controlling for self-reported migrant language skills and age (to proxy experience) helps to explain approximately 3 percentage points of the aggregate effect of policy on employment rates amongst Skill Stream migrants.
These migrants brought skills rather than capital and added greatly to the workforce.
It means assistance in developing migrants' job skills to better compete in an increasingly information- and knowledge-based economy.
In Canada such immigrants are free to move around once they have earned permanent residency, but since the provinces tend to pick migrants whose skills match local demand, most stay put.America, too, should create such a scheme, on a larger scale and in addition to existing visa quotas.
The policy restrictions, intended to favour migrants with skills immediately usable in the labour market, included higher language proficiency requirements as well as higher weight attached to other employability factors namely occupational skills, education and age.
By leaving the EU, removing the entitlement to free movement, and using an Australian-style points system to select migrants with skills and attributes needed in the UK, UKIP says annual net migration can be brought back to a "normal level" of about 50,000.
Over the past 30 years, there have been substantial changes to New Zealand's immigration policy, though with a maintained focus on selecting migrants with skills valued in the New Zealand labour market and who are also likely to settle well in New Zealand.
