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Moreover, the clinical and pathologic stages of patients that were important to the oncologic prognosis were different in the included trials, which might substantially confound the presented results.
Heterogeneous patient groups might substantially confound results of biomarker studies and constitute an important reason for the difficulty experienced in confirming potential prognostic markers in subsequent studies.
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Age did not substantially confound the results of the scan.
However, the characteristics of sickness can substantially confound the evaluation of depressive-like behavior in behavioral tests.
This suggests that estimates well beyond these theoretical limits may be substantially confounded and biased.
The relation with birthweight was not substantially confounded by any of the measured adult risk factors.
This suggests that our estimates are not likely substantially confounded by O3 and continuous temperature.
Consequently, it is unlikely that the factors identified by Goodman et al. substantially confounded our results.
By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol.
On the other hand, an important advantage of investigating acute ischaemic lesions with VLBM is the absence of any confounding neural long-term reorganization that might substantially change the neural representation of language functions (Weiller et al., 1995; Crinion and Price, 2005; Saur et al., 2006 b ; Leff et al., 2009; Ochfeld et al., 2010).
34 One possibility is that these observational studies are biased by unmeasured confounding factors, but another is that RCTs might substantially underestimate the benefit of statins in the actual population of users.
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