We hypothesized that the observed coordinated expression of subsets of these genes might represent surrogate markers for the amounts of different types of immune cells in the analyzed samples.
These specific factors might actually represent surrogates for other factors that we could neither address nor measure in the dataset.
Alternatively, low CD4+ T-cell counts might represent a surrogate marker that is closely related to the magnitude of multiple immunosuppressive effects induced by cerebral ischemia.
ER-α genotype, as determined during presurgical evaluation, might represent a surrogate marker for predicting breast cancer lymph node metastasis.
A higher level of 1-h plasma glucose might represent a surrogate marker of impaired β-cell function (β-cell glucose sensitivity and rate sensitivity) in individuals otherwise regarded as having NGT who are insulin resistant.
Categorical variables included in the models are likely to represent surrogates for site fertility.
Elevation in tissue partial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) might represent a better surrogate of hypoperfusion than other systemic and regional parameters [ 2, 3].
In Canada, where surrogates make decisions for the patients they represent, surrogate satisfaction with the decision-making process was found to increase with the quality of the information received [32].
Second, serum levels of individual OC pesticides represent surrogate measurements of long-term exposure.
Imaging biomarkers of response represent surrogate measures for the beneficial outcomes that are intended from treatment.
