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For instance, the true causal regulation might be due to methylation, phosphorylation, direct protein protein interaction, transcription factor binding, etc. Margolin and Califano (2007) have pointed out the limitations of causal inference at the transcriptional level, where molecular phenotypes at other layers of regulation might represent latent variables.
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Unaddressed fiscal challenges in the United States and Japan represent latent risks to global stability.
In CFA, circles represent latent (not directly measured) constructs and rectangles represent directly measured variables.
It uses conventions of SEM in which boxes indicate observed variables and ovals represent latent variables.
These domains represent latent community health status and are conceptually and empirically distinct from each other.
The in vitro IFN-γ responses to these proteins might represent useful markers to evaluate changes associated with treatment of latent TB infection.
This might represent processed pseudogenes.
Here, Ms. Murphy might represent the Holy Spirit.
Measured variables representing latent constructs are in rectangles and the multiple indicator latent variables are in ovals.
The sentiments are not surprising in a country where the vast majority of people are undereducated and poor and represent a latent threat to order.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is used as an example where depressive symptoms represent the latent variable being studied.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com