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This might reflect selection in a common ancestor of Neosartorya for survival in ecological niches where high temperatures might be encountered, such as composting vegetation (58).
This might reflect selection bias, i.e. only people where health professionals perceive the RRS could make a difference are offered access to it.
There is a high degree of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) in the CYP2C cluster so it is possible that the effects we saw on CYP2C19 might reflect selection of alleles of CYP2C9 and CYP2C8[ 11] however the extended haplotypes that we found did not stretch beyond the CYP2C19 genomic region.
To investigate if the above results might reflect selection on functional elements, the SNPs were classfied into four categories: intergenic non-CpG island; genic non-CpG island; intergenic CpG island; and genic CpG island (genic regions included the sites annotated as intronic, coding, 5'UTR, 3'UTR, 5'upstream, 3'downstream).
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The few GPs in the primary ABU group might thus reflect selection for low responder variants, which protect from severe UTI, as shown in Tlr4-/ mutant mice, and possibly from other mucosal infections, where the host defense relies on TLR4 signaling.
Their conservation has been attributed to "genomic hitch-hiking" suggesting that the genes' presence might simply reflect selection for stable expression at levels controlled by their neighbors [ 30].
The lower prevalence of monitoring indicator in the North East and higher prevalence in London might simply reflect selection bias given the small number of practices.
Seed mass tends to be greater in dry habitats (Leishman and Westoby 1994), and variation in seed size among populations might, therefore, reflect selection for larger seeds in dryer habitats.
Our finding regarding methadone detoxification treatment might also reflect selection bias if individuals who enter detoxification are less likely to permanently reduce injecting drug use compared with those entering opiate substitution treatment.
Moreno et al. found a higher rate of survival for patients who underwent endoscopic tumor surgeries, which might reflect a selection bias as this approach was more commonly used for lesser volume and more localized disease [ 19].
What's more, those people might reflect a selection bias because they were all interested in happiness research.
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