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However, few studies have investigated annexin expression in bone cells: annexin 1 (Anx-A1), annexin 2, and annexin 5 are expressed in the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 [2] and rat primary osteoblasts and, at least Anx-A1, might modulate bone ontogeny as demonstrated for the murine palate [5].
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Nakamura, Y., Inloes, J. B., Katagiri, T. & Kobayashi, T. Chondrocyte-specific microRNA-140 regulates endochondral bone development and targets Dnpep to modulate bone morphogenetic protein signaling.
Bisphosphonates (BPs) have been widely used in the treatment of bone disorders due to their ability to modulate bone turnover.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis may modulate bone response to wear debris.
Moreover, the communication between bone endothelium and bone cells is vital to regulate and modulate bone homeostasis.
In adults, they modulate bone regeneration, bone remodeling, and articular cartilage homeostasis in addition to their classic neurological actions.
Additionally it is known that hormone levels may also modulate bone healing [ 39].
A variety of compounds, including hormones and nutrients, are known to modulate bone remodelling.
Prostaglandins are produced by osteoblasts and act locally to modulate bone metabolism.
Since other cellular components such as primary afferent sensory nerves also reside in the bone-tumor microenvironment [ 23- 25], it is interesting to note that MCP-1 can also directly enhance the excitability of such nociceptive afferent neurons [ 26] and, in this way, might modulate the pain associated with bone metastases.
The 3D structures of collagen, a major component of extracellular matrix, might modulate cell behavior, such as osteoblasts in bone formation.
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