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begin{aligned} {x}_{i}(t+ Delta t)={x}_{i}(t)+{dot{x}}_{i}(t+Delta {t})Delta t end{aligned} (2 Midpoint integration method improves the basic Euler method by adding a midpoint step and it can improve the calculation accuracy by Eq. (3).
We use an Runge-Kutta IMEX scheme, in particular an IMEX-midpoint scheme, which can be seen as a combination of an implicit and an explicit midpoint step.
The Imagent was calibrated to a liquid phantom of equivalent composition and optical properties at the midpoint (step 7) of the experimental range, i.e., µa (830 nm) = 0.125 cm−1 and µs′ (830 nm) = 10 cm−10
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Second-order accuracy in time is achieved via a characteristic tracing evolution of the Riemann solver input states to the time step midpoint (Colella and Woodward 1984).
The method is based on extrapolation of the two-step explicit midpoint rule and incorporates adaptive time step and order selection.
However, around the midpoint the pace picks up.
Higher-order integration methods, such as the midpoint method, allow larger step size but require evaluation of crack growth rate at crack sizes larger than the current one.
This crest is a combination of the protoloph, the anterior arm of the hypocone, and, judging from the step-like midpoint that is evident in some individuals, the mure as well.
The relationship among the coded arrangements of the input factors and the actual value of wheat bran, glucose, yeast extract, Cu2+ ions and pH are described in Eq. (2): X_{i} = frac{{left( {Z_{i} Z_{0} } right)}}{Delta Z} (2 where X i is a coded value, Z i is the actual value of the factor, Z 0 is the actual value of the identical factor at the midpoint, and ΔZ is the step change in the factor.
In Wenner method, the array spacing "a" is increased by steps, keeping the midpoint fixed, the four electrodes with a definite array spacing "a" is moved as a whole in suitable steps, four electrodes are moving after each measurement, and the values from the instrument is recorded as R with depth d.
The impulsive delay differential equations were solved numerically using forward-time central-space algorithm and midpoint method using four recursive steps described in Additional file 1.
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