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Displacement of the middle surface along x axis.
Displacement of the middle surface along z axis.
Displacement of the middle surface along θ axis.
Another important feature is that the present technique directly estimates the rotation of the normal of the middle surface, and not the rotation of the middle surface.
Also, thestresses normal to the middle surface are considered to be negligible.
Within the framework of this model cracks are modeled as mathematical cuts of shell's middle surface.
Aluminum samples were represented with shell elements at their middle surface.
Change of slope of the normal to the middle surface around x axis.
Once the CAD models are ready, their middle surface can be extracted for FE model building.
Change of slope of the normal to the middle surface around θ axis.
The obtained BEPs are compared with those obtained if the middle surface formulation is used.
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