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For the stress-strain response at the middle strain rate of 1.54% ps-1, the stress peaks of the yield cycles in Figure S2b (Additional file 1) are not as sharp as the ones at low strain rate in Figure S2a (Additional file 1), and the tensile strain increases obviously at this condition.
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However, [111] are lower than [110] at low and middle strain rates, whereas at high strain rate, [111] is higher than [110].
Unlike the low and middle strain rates, the stress-strain curve of the [110] orientation are separated by a large stress well at the strain rate of 6.16% ps-1 (Figure S2c in Additional file 1).
Unlike at the low and middle strain rates, the [110] nanowire at the strain rate of 6.16% ps-1 (Video S6 in Additional file 6) exhibits superplasticity behavior with local disordered deformation.
The thermal gradient presents weakening effects to the local axial strain rate at middle specimen height of δεa,H= 10′/δt in frozen clay with identical average temperature, and that further lead to the decrease of hardening modulus and uniaxial compression strength.
The deformation styles of the [100] single-crystal copper nanowires are mainly slippage, amorphization, and local melted structures at low, middle, and high strain rates, respectively.
The presence of residual stress makes the radial strain rate tensile in the middle region while it remains compressive in the regions near the inner and outer radii.
The MPBP is in the middle of the [100] nanowire at the insensitive area of strain rate (I), and the MPBP distributes at the two ends of the [100] nanowire at the sensitive area of strain rate (III), whereas the MPBP is in the middle or two ends of the [100] nanowire at the transition area of the strain rate (II).
In the lower-middle crust, where fluid can be supplied to the system, the strain rate can be locally high at the deformable part where water is introduced and decrease with time as the deformed area develops.
Based on our experiments, textural observations and analyses, the evolution of the strain rate can provide physical insights on water reservoirs in the lower-middle crust.
We calculated the evolution of the plastic deformation strain rate controlled by water diffusion at different rock mass and temporal scales under lower-middle crustal conditions with a representative water diffusion coefficient of 10−13 m2/s.
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