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While linear and quadratic time contrasts are widely used for longitudinal growth modeling, discontinuous patterns such as de-acceleration or setback, as seen during the summer vacation, have also been investigated in elementary and middle school settings (Cooper et al., 1996; Entwistle & Alexander, 1992).
Although PAR presents both developmental opportunities and challenges to school culture in any traditional school environment, we submit that this is particularly the case in middle school settings.
There is a risk, however, that PAR projects within middle school settings will instead reinforce or replicate the "adultist" power dynamics that they are trying to address.
In the present study, we draw on data from our own collaborative implementation of PAR projects in secondary schools to consider two central questions: (1) How do features of middle school settings and the developmental characteristics of the youth promote or inhibit the processes, outcomes, and sustainability of the PAR endeavor?
Here, we draw on data from our own collaborative implementation of PAR projects in secondary schools to consider two central questions: (1) How do features of middle school settings and the developmental characteristics of the youth promote or inhibit the processes, outcomes, and sustainability of the PAR endeavor?
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However, bullying rates remain highest in middle school, and 3 5%% higher in rural relative to urban school settings (Pergolizzi et al. 2011; Robers et al. 2014; Nansel et al. 2001).
A recent systematic review reflects that most research on outcome measures and maintenance of HWWS behaviour in low- to middle-income countries has focused on the community level and only a few studies have focused on school settings (11).
The Game-Design and Learning (GDL) initiative engages middle school students in the process of game-design in a variety of in-school, after-school, and summer camp settings.
Elementary: Middle school: High school:.
"It's middle school".
And middle school.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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