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For the preparation of the inocula, which were used in the attached bioreactors, algae were firstly cultivated in glass bubbling columns (diameter = 0.05 m) for approximately 2 weeks (in the middle of exponential phase) and then harvested through centrifugation at 5000×g.

For the RNA analysis, the cycle threshold (Ct) was determined approximately in the middle of exponential phase of the amplification, and generally default condition on the software SDS 2.3 was used.

(1): Feeding started at the middle of exponential batch phase, OD600 of 0.5.

In the unsupplemented control fermentation (R2), the acid formation pathway genes were up-regulated from the middle of exponential phase and maintained at the highest expression levels until the onset of stationary phase.

The time points selected at both temperatures were: 2 h after inoculation, when the OD doubled the initial OD, in the middle of exponential phase, and finally at the start and at the end of the stationary phase (sugar exhaustion).

In the unsupplemented control fermentation, the expression of the acid formation genes were slightly elevated from the middle of exponential phase until the onset of stationary phase, which also corresponds to the accumulation of acids in R2.

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Similar(53)

Cells were grown until the middle of the exponential growth phase, namely 32, 50 and 150 h for glucose, acetate and hexadecane, respectively.

The seed cultures were incubated on a rotary shaker (150 rpm) at 30 °C until the middle of the exponential growth phase was reached (48 h for R. opacus B4 and 24 h for R. opacus PD630).

Most commonly, the Sambrook protocol (Sambrook and Russell 2001) is used, with induction of protein production by the synthetic lactose analogue isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) addition at the middle of the exponential growth phase.

The threshold line was adjusted to be above early cycle background fluorescence and fluorescent intensities detected in water controls at ≥35 cycles, and to intersect the fluorescence curves in the middle of the exponential phase.

For a high cell growth, induction is better in the middle of the exponential phase, according to the statistical evaluation.

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