Piezoelectric actuators with functionally graded microstructure (FGM) are designed with the aim of reducing the stress concentration at the middle interface that exists in the standard bimorph actuators while maintaining high bending displacement.
The juxtaposition of Glu-117 and Glu-117′ in the middle of the interface and the positively and negatively charged patches that cross the interface may contribute to the modest affinity and to the dynamics and plasticity we observed in the interface.
In samples welded in one pass, hardness increased from the base metal to the stir zone on the MMC side, reached a maximum in the middle of the joint interface and decreased at about 2 mm away from the joint interface center on 2024 AA side.
The plot area of UDECON is located in the left middle of the software interface and displays plots of measurement data (and/or deconvolution data when calculated) for selected sample and treatment steps, or sensor response function.
It consists of a very dense region at the interface and a middle region with a volume fraction of about 45%.
As for subchondral bone, the upper stratum stained red is the cartilage matrix, while the middle part formed the osteochondral interface, and the tidal line was indistinct, as shown in Figure 10d.
The server layer is directly connected to the plant, the client side implements the controller and the graphical interface, and the middle-tier acts as interface between client and server.
Three finite element models were subsequently built to simulate the damage in the upper, middle and lower interfaces and investigate the effect of each damage mode on the laminate stiffness.
When we compare with the native bagasse fiber, the acid treatment produces a reduction of 11%and7%7% in the mean decay time evaluated near the outermost interface and in the middle of the fiber, respectively.
Figure 2(a) shows the measured phase signal at the top glass/air interface (top plot), the phase signal at the bottom glass/air interface (middle plot) and the difference of the two measurements (bottom plot).
Indium composition measured by EPMA along the vertical directions (a) periphery I, (b) middle, and (c) periphery II; and radial directions near the (d) seed interface and (e) feed interface; and (f) measured positions of InGaSb crystal surfaces.
