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During the oil boom of Putin's first presidency, Moscow and Russia's other major cities changed beyond recognition, as quality of life shot up and an urban middle class developed.
With a fleet of ships bringing porcelain from China, tobacco from the Americas and silks from the Ottoman Empire, the Dutch middle class developed a taste for luxury goods, much as the newly wealthy in Turkey seek the latest in cars, clothes and technology.
The Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed, which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence.
Similar(9)
But within the next twenty years the Middle East will have developed a vibrant middle class, and when a middle class develops, major economic opportunities present themselves.
Some experts believe that Mr. Hussein was ambivalent about letting a strong economic middle class develop in the private sector.
What will get worse is that, as the middle class develops, they will start doing really horrible things to each other, in terms of how sophisticated they can be to vote, or defraud the tax man.
Until gender apartheid ends, and a substantial middle class develops, these traits will probably continue.
This contributed to an inflexible social order, in which middle classes developed much later than in northern Europe, and which led to economic and political pathologies like statism and autocracy.
The record high prices for milk and other farm commodities in 2007 were a bubble caused by many factors, including new demand in emerging markets (China's middle-classes developed a taste for yogurt, for example), and by unforeseen events (Australia suffered a terrible drought).
"Before, there was a super rich and a super poor, now there is a middle-class developing.
China's fast-growing middle class has developed a taste for Western brands.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com