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The electron microscopic morphology characterizations demonstrate that as-prepared carbon micro-spindle (CMS) comprises three components: two symmetric carbon cones formed by curved graphitic filaments consisted of randomly orientated graphene layers, and one middle catalyst plate with a rough surface.
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Table 4 shows the TGA results for the hard coke content deposited over the aged USY-A top, middle, and bottom catalyst bed zones after unloading the spent catalyst from the atmospheric glass reactor and after the deactivation reactions at 210, 230, 250 and 270 °C.
The reaction temperature was monitored by a thermocouple placed in the middle of the catalyst bed.
After the middle of the catalyst zone, the trend of reaction rates in the Figure 3 has declined slowly due to the effect of endothermic reactions relative to chemical reactions in Equations 10 and 12.
FC ~ 50 catalyst towards middle distillate product was selected.
The carbon buffer layer is located in the middle of the anode catalyst layers, consists of porous carbon and Nafion ionomer.
The catalyst-rich middle phase is the main reaction phase.
Well-developed secondary pore structure and appropriate acid property are crucial to high selectivity of hydrocracking catalysts to middle distillate.
On the contrary, liquid liquid liquid (L L L) PTC is an excellent strategy for waste reduction and improving profitability, in which a catalyst-rich middle (or third) phase is formed between aqueous and organic phases.
The 140 370 °C middle distillate yield of the catalyst is 68.59 %, and middle distillate selectivity can reach up to 81.52 %.
The highest selectivity to middle distillates is achieved over catalyst with the highest degree of zeolite recrystallization.
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