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Thus, these variations throughout the middle atmosphere, in turn, can result in variations in neutral winds and wind shears which, in turn, give rise to short-scale fluctuations.
While downwelling air dominates the middle atmosphere in the winter hemisphere, the summer hemisphere is dominated by upwelling (see Fig. 2).
Rayleigh lidar is also a well adapted instrument for monitoring absolute temperature in the middle atmosphere in a long term commitment.
The data of the most observation points show the notable warming of the middle atmosphere in this situation, but there were some stations ("Vostok" in Antarctica and "Frobisher Bay" in Arctic) where the reverse dependence between these parameters was registered.
However, they did not find any appreciable extension of the MJO over the South American region during the temporal span of 2000 2006 although we have found a very prominent ISO signature in the lower and middle atmosphere in 2008 which may indicate interannual variability of the MJO anomaly propagation extent and the associated dynamics.
As well as passively observing the changing chemistry of the mesosphere, the EISCAT facilities have the ability to test our models of the system by perturbing the middle atmosphere in a known way through active heating experiments (Rietveld et al. 1986; Kero et al. 2000).
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The gravity waves (GWs) propagating through this region would therefore be affected by these tidal wind and temperature fluctuations, resulting in an alteration of the gravity-wave drag in the middle atmosphere, which in turn affects the winds and temperatures.
These disciplines included solar physics in the International Solar Cycle Study (ISCS) program, middle atmosphere physics in the Planetary Scale Mesopause Observing System PSMOSS) program, and equatorial regions in the Equatorial Processes Including Coupling (EPIC) program.
However, there has been effort on using assimilated meteorological analysis data to constrain the middle atmosphere model in the troposphere and stratosphere (Marsh 2011; McLandress et al. 2013; Davis et al. 2013).
Lidar measurements at ALOMAR (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research) in Northern Norway (69°N) and LIMA results show a high day-to-day variation of ice layer properties.
The effects of galactic and solar cosmic rays (CR) in the middle atmosphere are considered in this work.
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