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For the latter, post hoc analyses similarly confirmed a significant effect of proficiency, and mid-level females again used [D] more often than high-level females (p < .05).05
On the other hand, high-level talkers are generally conservers of old forms and innovators of new forms that imply high proficiency, while mid-level talkers are innovators of new forms that lack clear positive connotation.
If one assumes that high-level speakers of a talker group are better representatives of the attitude of the group as a whole than mid-level speakers, then this gender-dependent interaction with talker proficiency is consistent with the gender-dependent attitude observed in the gender effect above.
For 漳 Chiang females in the unrounded context, no proficiency effect was found, and both high- and mid-level speakers showed equally strong preferences for [D], accounting for 42% of the total tokens.
Since Min females are generally less proficient than Min males in Taiwan (Huang and Fon 2007), it is tempting to overlay the effects of gender and proficiency and align males with high-level talkers and females with mid-level talkers.
Except for Mix males, all the other speaker groups showed a negative correlation between the use of [Z] and speaker proficiency, and high-level talkers were less likely to use [Z] than mid-level talkers.
"Mid-level," he says.
Empower mid-level teams.
Low- to mid-level posho.
Israel also sent a mid-level group.
Mid-level leaders win or lose conflicts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com