The flow pattern also exhibits some similarities between mid-depth and the outer boundary.
Water velocities measured at 216 stations averaged 0.14, 0.12 and 0.12 m/s for the tank surface, mid-depth and near bottom regions.
The castellation process is carried out by cutting the web in a zig zag pattern at mid-depth and then rejoining at an offset distance to create hexagonal holes.
In addition, all models exhibit a total stretching/advection ratio of St/Ad∼ 1.5 3 times larger than the poloidal/toroidal flow ratio (mathcal {P}/mathcal {T}) (Table 2). Figure 5a, b shows the radial field at mid-depth and at the outer boundary in a snapshot from dynamo model 1.
Fig. 6 Intense high-latitude normal polarity magnetic flux patch (HN) in dynamo model 1 (Fig. 5): radial magnetic field B r (colors) and the tangential flow (vec {u}_{h}) (arrows) at a mid-depth and at b the top of the free stream just below the Ekman boundary layer.
Fig. 5 A snapshot from dynamo model 1: radial magnetic field B r (colors) and the tangential flow (vec {u}_{h}) (arrows) at a mid-depth and at b the top of the free stream just below the Ekman boundary layer.
Using literature isotopic enrichment factors, which differ for N2O produced during nitrification and denitrification, and measured ranges of plume NH4+ and NO3− isotopic ratios, zones of both nitrifier-derived N2O (shallow zone) and denitrifier-N2O (mid-depth and deeper zones) could be identified.
Differences in species composition were most evident between mid-depth and deep sites (ANOSIM Pairwise test, R = 0.829, P = 0.008).
The tests were also carried out on halved core samples to determine if property differences at the top surface and mid depth of the pavement are seen.
Dissolved oxygen and temperature levels were measured weekly between 08.00 and 09.00 h, at the mid depth of each cage, using a YSI Model 52.
