The as-cast and heat-treated microstructures were characterised using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis.
The coatings were analysed by means of light and electron microscopy techniques, microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microprobe analysis showed that the formation of a CaCO3 on the composite surface could not protect the composites from saltwater intrusion because the ruptures developed throughout the composites were too great.
Scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and mass spectrometry analysis were used in these investigations.
The four Itokawa particles collected from the first touchdown site were mineralogically investigated by optical microscopy, micro-Raman (μ-Raman) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Four Itokawa particles collected from the first touchdown site were mineralogically investigated by optical microscopy, micro-Raman (μ-Raman) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
The ZrB2 powder was prepared by a spray drying technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and laser granulometry.
Using optical microscopy and SEM microprobe analysis, an investigation of the microstructure of thermally sprayed alloy coatings on steel substrates has been carried out.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to determine the microstructure and phase composition of the cladding layers and interfaces.
The leached samples were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EMA) and ion beam analytical (IBA) methods: Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and elastic recoil detection analysis (RBS and ERDA), proton-induced X-ray or gamma ray emission (PIXE and PIGE).
