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The produced CDC was characterized by its degree of order and pore structure using Raman spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and low temperature nitrogen adsorption.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, μ-Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and low temperature transport measurements have been applied to characterize the films.
The crystallisation behaviour and morphology of polyethylene-based single polymer composites has been investigated by light microscopy and low voltage scanning electron microscopy techniques.
The quality of the graphene/graphite layers has been verified using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction.
The transport of DNA within these complexes to cell nuclei was demonstrated to occur within 24 h in tissue culture via confocal microscopy, and low level transfection of mouse muscle cells by a reporter gene encoding green fluorescent protein was achieved with the branched thermoresponsive PEI-PNIPAm conjugate.
The faults filtering and the improvement of the crystalline quality were attested by transmission electron microscopy and low temperature photoluminescence.
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Low-energy electron microscopy, photoemission electron microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction can give unique insight into the fundamental growth mechanisms of graphene on metal substrates36,37.
The morphology of these composites has been investigated by optical microscopy and low-voltage scanning electron microscopy techniques.
The properties of the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical profilometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and low-discharge optical emission spectroscopy.
on the degree of infiltration, the pyrolytic carbon morphology and the C/C composite characteristics was examined using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption.
We use state-of-the-art micromanipulation and nanofabrication tools for the preparation of mesoscopic structures, and employ a range of optical spectroscopy, scanning-electrochemical, electron microscopy, and low-temperature quantum magnetotransport probes to measure the (electro chemical and physical properties at individual devices.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com