Modern microscopes use techniques including stimulated emission depletion microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy that relies on the properties of evanescent waves.
The microstructure and composition distribution were studied by techniques including metallurgical microscope, SEM, XRD and electron probe.
These monolayer functionalize MSNs were analyzed by a number of techniques including transmission electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, cross-polarized Si29 MAS NMR spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption measurement.
The surface properties of optimized AC were characterized by various physio-chemical techniques including scanning electron microscope imaging (SEM), FTIR analysis, surface area and X-rays diffraction analysis, Boehm's titration, point of zero charge (pHPZC) and proximate-ultimate analysis.
The resulting films were characterised by a range of techniques including optical spectroscopy, electron microscope and X-ray fluorescence.
In this study, the effects of Li+ intercalation/deintercalation processes on surface morphology, nanomechanical and interfacial properties of sputtered LiMn2O4 cathode film are studied using various techniques, including ex situ field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), nanoindentation tests combining with focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning.
Various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were used to characterize the catalysts.
Various characterization techniques including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV-visible spectrophotometer were employed to affirm the morphology, composition and photocatalytic performance of cement and PCF composites.
Characterisation techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) were performed to study the microstructures and phases of the coatings.
The phase behaviour and morphology were closely inspected using a variety of techniques including wide angle X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscope and differential scanning calorimetry.
