Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) studies were conducted for qualitative surface analysis and quantitative analysis of the archwires, respectively.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies were performed using a FEI Tecnai G2 F20 microscope operating at 200 kV.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were performed using the Nanoscope IIIa instrument (Digital Instruments, Tonawanda, NY, USA) after coating samples with a gold palladium alloy.
Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) studies were carried out to examine the microstructures of untreated and treated coir fibres, fibre/epoxy and fibre/cement interfaces.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) (Zeiss EVO MA 10 and Zeiss MERLIN FE-SEM, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies were carried out using JEOL 2011 and JEOL 1400 (JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan).
Further, Light microscope and CLSM studies were carried out to examine the effect of BCL-AuNPs on the surface topography and architecture of P. aeruginosa biofilm.
Phase transition temperatures obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and textural observations elicited by polarizing optical microscope (POM) studies are discussed.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray studies were done by a JEM 2010 high-resolution microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and Empyrean (PANalytical) X-ray diffractometer.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) study was carried out with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (Quanta 200F, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA).
