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Both mtDNA and microsatellites indicate a separation between the two recognized subspecies P. m. manillae and P. m. subniger.
Although G. elliotii has a rather restricted geographic distribution, mitochondrial data support the separation of a southern and a north-eastern lineage with incomplete gene sorting, while microsatellites indicate a clear subdivision into three lineages, a southern, a northern and an eastern.
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This indicates that the revealed population structure is fairly static given that mtDNA indicates ancient, historical events while microsatellites indicate more recent processes.
The contrasting phylogenies for mtDNA and microsatellites indicate events of hybridization among highly divergent lineages in the central area of distribution.
Conclusions: Our results from the 10 highly polymorphic microsatellites indicate that the principal reproductive mode of B. roxburghiana is clonal in the studied population.
Data from human, mouse, fruit fly, and yeast microsatellites indicate that polymerase slippage rates are highest in dinucleotides, followed by tri-, and tetranucleotides [ 61, 65].
Consistent with the lack of haplotype sharing and high pairwise R ST values, the results of gene flow measures based on microsatellites indicate that the SMO, TUX and YUC populations exchange no migrants.
Although based on a small number of cases, our cumulative data from LOH analyses performed by various markers (heterozygous LGR region, SNPs, and microsatellites) indicate that partial LOH can take place at the mutated MLH1 or MSH2 loci in LGR carriers.
Estimates of rates of gene flow among subspecies based upon mitochondrial and microsatellite data indicate a high level of gene flow among all three B. jamaicensis subspecies examined.
Early studies of human germline mutations at dinucleotide microsatellites indicated that expansions outnumber contractions (Ellegren 2000).
Analyses of variation failed to detect significant differences among years at microsatellites, indicating the conservation program is reliably representing levels and patterns of neutral genetic variation each year.
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