However, an increasing application of highly polymorphic genetic markers (e.g., microsatellites) has provided evidence for high genetic diversity and population structuring on small spatial scales in many free-living protists.
Over the past two decades, microsatellite genotypes have provided the data for landmark studies of human population-genetic variation.
3, 54 Despite the fact that only 160 microsatellites have been found in the genome of P. vivax, 39 microsatellite-based studies have provided valuable information on the genetic diversity of this species.
The recent application of highly polymorphic genetic markers (such as microsatellites), in combination with intensive sampling strategies, have provided greater resolution to determine fine-scale spatial structure in populations of marine protists.
For instance, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the expansion and contraction of microsatellite repeats in the coding regions of protein kinase genes have provided greater adaptability to various abiotic and biotic stresses [ 22].
MS, OS, HR, RO, CA, NH and JB have provided the samples and DG and PD have provided the microsatellite data to allow the SNP-STR comparisons.
This last possibility renders microsatellite markers particularly useful in the olive fly, since several years of efforts have provided no morphological markers and therefore the development of classical genetics has been entirely hindered (Mavragani, unpublished; Zacharopoulou, unpublished).
Previous studies have provided conclusive evidence of a strong prognostic effect of RKIP expression in MMR-deficient CRC, an effect that was attributed to anti-apoptotic effects in the context of microsatellite deficiency (Minoo et al, 2007).
The microsatellite studies had provided evidence for positive assortative mating in Rv+ populations: elevated homozogosity indicated an excess of mating between related individuals.
The North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC), led by Peter Gregersen, has provided microsatellite and SNP scans, quantitative phenotypes, and clinical measures, with additional genotype data provided by Robert Plenge and Ann Begovich.
