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The presence of other microorganisms was determined using PCR technique.
The concentration and purity of the plasmid for each group of microorganisms was determined using Nanodrop (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA), and the number of copies was determined using the following formula [ 31] (1) Amount of DNA (μ g / mL ) × 6.022 × 10 23 Length (bp ) × 10 9 × 650.
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The MIC values, which represent the lowest plant extract concentration that completely inhibits the growth of microorganisms, were determined using a micro-well dilution method as described previously [ 20].
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each examined microorganism was determined using the microdilution method.
The average well color development reflecting the total ability of microorganisms to use carbon resource was determined using the method reported by Classen et al. (2003): mathrm{AWCD}={displaystyle sum left({C}_i - Rright)/n}.
Protein concentration was determined using a BCA Assay Kit Piercee).
Proteasome activity was determined using fluorescence assays.
Survival was determined using Kaplan Meier test.
Peptide binding was determined using ELISA.
Iodine uptake was determined using radioactive iodine.
Signal intensity was determined using GeneChip Operating Software 1.4.
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