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Substrate materials in nature have microorganisms attached to their surfaces.
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to a surface.
In single-chamber microbial fuel cells (SC-MFCs), microorganisms attached on air-cathode can suppress catalyst activity and electron/proton transport to lower oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) efficiency.
The extracellular enzymes that are synthesized by the microorganisms attached to the biofloc would release to the digestive tract of the host organism after being ingested.
Biofilm is a community of microorganisms attached to abiotic or biotic surfaces and embedded in a protective extracellular polymeric matrix (Donlan 2002).
The high performance of biofilm reactor was presumed to result from the high concentration of microorganisms attached on fluidized-carriers with high surface area.
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In normal conditions, plankton is found in free swimming form, and under transition state these assemblages of microorganisms attach irreversibly to the surface and form biofilms.
In the anode, microorganisms attaching on the electrode material and forming biofilm play an essential role in MFC generating electricity (Rabaey and Rozendal 2010), and in the cathode, the microbial catalytic efficiency plays a key role to improve the cathode potential and power output (Osman et al. 2010).
Microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms.
In primary caries, microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms.
Legionella and other microorganisms attach to surfaces and form biofilms on pipes throughout the water distribution system.
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