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Biosurfactants are molecules with surface activity produced by a number of microorganisms and that can be used in many biomedical applications (Gudiña et al. [2013]; Rodrigues et al. [2006a]; Rodrigues [2011]).
Studies have shown that different fly species can harbor up to 100 species of pathogenic microorganisms and that bacteria alone are linked to >65 diseases in humans and animals (21 – 21 ).
We have attempted to select chemicals that are toxic to most microorganisms and that are toxic by interfering with diverse cellular pathways, for example, DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis, cell membrane synthesis, nutrient transport, etc.
In line with earlier literature these two articles demonstrate that serious attempts have been made in the past decades to define the different states between dead and live (marine and oral) microorganisms, and that "viability staining" or "vital staining techniques" have been and are still used as a trial to overcome the problem of distinguishing between live and dead microorganisms in biofilms.
Furthermore, it is known that some Planctomycete strains are considered microaerobic, oligotrophic, heterotrophic microorganisms and that the genus Pirellula includes facultative nitrate reducers [84], [86].
This is corroborated by studies that have found that geographical isolation affects the genetic diversity of microorganisms, and that there is a non-random distribution of microorganisms even in samples separated by only few kilometers (Papke et al. 2003; Whitaker 2003).
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Comparative genomic studies have suggested that the common ancestor of Pelobacter, Geobacter, and Desulfuromonas species was a respiratory microorganism and that Pelobacter species evolved to fill fermentative and syntrophic niches (4).
Carotenoids are natural pigments synthesized by microorganisms and plants that function as light-absorbing pigments during photosynthesis and also protect cells against photosensitization.
The immune system is capable of recognizing and responding to microorganisms and molecules that cannot be perceived by our sensory mechanisms, which send stimuli straight into the brain.
The study of the ecological context of phytoremediation should be broadened by considering the interactions between plants, microorganisms and earthworms that affect heavy metal uptake by plants.
As a result, compost microbial communities are likely sources of deconstructive microorganisms and enzymes that may perform well under industrial conditions.
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