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The thymic microenvironment is characterized by its distinct architecture of cortex and medulla that are composed of different cell types, including epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic and antigen-presenting cells that manifest different properties in the cortex and medulla.
Tumor microenvironment is characterized by insufficient vascularization, hypoxia, acidosis, increased glucose metabolism, and aberrant protein folding.
The effect of CAIX on tumor microenvironment is characterized by the regulation of pH.
The tumor microenvironment is characterized by poor vascularization, resulting in tissue hypoxia and acidosis.
Indeed, the bone microenvironment is characterized for the simultaneous presence of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators and cells.
The OC microenvironment is characterized by a dramatic increase in immunosuppressive cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6 [ 46].
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The observed disparities in cell activity and microenvironment were characterized in terms of cell phenotype, new ECM components synthesis, and the expression of transmembrane receptors implicated in cell-ECM, cell-cell adhesion and cell differentiation.
Hypoxic microenvironments are characterized by extreme heterogeneities in tumor cells oxygenation that arise as a result of the increased oxygen diffusion distance due to tumor expansion and poorly developed vascular networks [ 22, 27].
Consequently, the abnormal tumor vasculature plays a key role in the development of the hostile tumor microenvironment, which is characterized by hypoxia, glucose deprivation, low extracellular pH, and high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) [ 4, 8].
The immune microenvironment of HNSCC is characterized by changes in immune cell populations, immune checkpoints, as well as tumor or microenvironmental factors that alter the balance of the immune milieu in favor of immunosuppression, allowing tumor evasion and escape from immune surveillance.
Tumor microenvironment of solid tumors is characterized by a strikingly high concentration of adenosine and ATP.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com