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A nanomaterial based microbial sensor for direct determination of Streptomyces's viability was designed.
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However, the use of microbial sensors for environmental analysis is currently restricted mostly due to the lack of specificity.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a key family of microbial sensors of the host innate and adaptive immune systems [ 77].
We review current aspects in cell array technology with emphasis on microbial sensor arrays.
In general, there are two strategies for developing such microbial sensors: one utilizes microbes expressing the reporting signal e.g., bioluminescence constitutively ("lights-off" bacterial strains) and the other in chemical/effect-induced manner ("lights-on" sensors).
More generally, the strength of selection differed considerably between the major families of microbial sensors.
This recognition involves germline-encoded microbial sensors or pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs).
In this review we will focus our attention on TLRs and NLRs that represent the most important microbial sensors.
NOD1 and NOD2 proteins operate as microbial sensors through the recognition of specific PG (peptidoglycan) constituents of bacteria.
Increasingly, it appears that mammalian microbial sensors may be quite complex, involving the participation of numerous proteins.
As microbial sensors in IECs, TLR signaling constitutes the primary link between enteric microbes and epithelial cell-intrinsic NF-κB signaling.
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