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Microbial products, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an agonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLregulateulathethe lifespan of dendritic cells (DCs) by largely undefined mechanisms.
Microbial products, including for example cell wall components, non-methylated CpG DNA and double stranded RNA have been identified as potent inducers of DC activation [16].
The inflammasome is activated not only by microbial products including peptidoglycans and toxins, but also by host-derived danger signals such as changes in potassium levels, extracellular ATP and reactive oxygen species suggesting that these endogenous and less-specific inducers could be the commonality that is present in all STDs/colonizations that leads to IL-1ß production [12].
The Toll Like Receptor (TLR) family is a group of pattern recognition receptors, which recognise several microbial products, including bacterial cell wall components and DNA[ 12].
Increased intestinal hyperpermeability allows proinflammatory/pathogenic microbial products, including endotoxin (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and peptidoglycan), to translocate from the intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein (Frazier et al. 2011).
It must be recognized that although GF mice are devoid of live bacteria, food might contain autoclave-resistant microbial products, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which can induce host responses.
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Likewise, electrical energy was used to produce hydrogen in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) or other products including caustic and peroxide.
Surface geochemical petroleum exploration is defined as the search for migrated surface hydrocarbons and their alteration products, including changes in vegetation and microbial populations [Hitzman et al. 2009; Rashed et al. 2008; Davis and Updegraff 1954; Schumacher 2000].
The ruminal microflora are also responsible for producing other metabolic products, including methane, carbon dioxide and microbial cells, the last of which are digested postruminally to supply a major portion of the protein requirements of the host.
For centuries, natural products, including pinocembrin, have been used to treat microbial infections.
Many studies have shown that important amounts of lignocellulosic biomass can potentially be converted into different high value products including bio-fuels, health promoting biomolecules, and inexpensive energy sources for microbial fermentation and enzyme production [1].
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