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Among those are microbial products from bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Elevated levels of plasma LPS and bacterial 16S rDNA have been used to measure translocation of microbial products from the gastrointestinal tract [11], [16].
Recently, translocation of microbial products from the gut has been implicated as important in the pathogenesis of immune activation in chronic HIV infection [3].
Altogether, these processes result in a loss of mucosal integrity and translocation of microbial products from the intestinal lumen to systemic circulation [ 22].
Profound functional damages occur to mucosal surfaces, which lose their integrity and allow the translocation of microbial products from the intestinal lumen into the circulation.
TLR2 has thus far been involved in the recognition of multiple microbial products from Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes, mycoplasma and yeast antigens [ 1, 45] (Table 3).
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The liver lies directly downstream of the gut and is therefore constantly exposed to antigens and microbial products derived from the intestine.
We could therefore conclude that the protective effect against colitis likely requires innate detection of microbial products derived from specific LAB strains by DCs, thereby leading to the development of tolerogenic DC dependent on active cell signalling.
In numerous clinical settings, microbial products derived from the gut are thought to worsen the disease.
In addition, other microbial products, notably from fungi, can activate the LAL reaction, so the assay is not specific for endotoxin [ 18].
Okabe et al. (2005) presented data that strongly suggest that members of the Chloroflexi preferentially utilize microbial products derived from biomass decay.
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