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Microbial pathogens have developed complex and efficient ways of counteracting and evading innate and adaptive immune mechanisms.
To establish and maintain a successful infection, microbial pathogens have evolved various strategies to infect the host in the face of a functional immune system.
However, successful microbial pathogens have in turn evolved complex and efficient methods to overcome innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, which can result in disease or chronic infections.
Many microbial pathogens have been reported to cause infectious crystalline keratopathy (ICK), especially Gram-positive cocci, and streptococci in particular [4].
For example, M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria as well as a variety of unrelated microbial pathogens have been reported to induce apoptosis of host cells [30] [32].
Microbial pathogens have developed a number of strategies to improve their survival in the host environment (Urban et al., 2006).
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The use of appropriate infection control precautions to protect against transmission of bloodborne and other occupational microbial pathogens has become a routine component of health care provision.
Research that might greatly enhance the harm caused by microbial pathogens has been of special concern (1 3).
Accordingly, a Raman-based system for identification of microbial pathogens has already found its way into clinics (River® diagnostics, SpectraCell).
With the expanded use of these broad-spectrum agents for many infections, the selective pressure applied onto microbial pathogens has resulted in the emergence of FQ resistant strains in a diversity of organisms, including MTB [ 31].
For instance, although a large proportion of genomic studies of microbial pathogens has involved pathogens of special importance in developing countries, involvement of researchers from developing countries in such projects has been quite limited, constraining timely development of bioinformatics capacity in developing countries [ 4, 5].
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